Republished from Mar 2015.
The Problem
A business group has a goal to improve performance, but after sustained effort the performance is not improving.
Case: Your safety leader/manager has been told to reduce the total recordable incident frequency (TRIF) by top leadership, and your team has tried all sorts of tools and methods but the frequency remains unchanged (or worse, increased.) You need to improve performance, and you have a well understood process with decent measurement in place, but you can’t seem to get break-through improvement or sometimes even incremental improvement.
There are a few common stumbling blocks in trying to solve process performance problems (not limited to safety):
- Many objectives across an organization can be at odds with one another, and progress on achieving one may work against achieving another.
- The analysts focus too much on the specific process or objective, and not necessarily the related processes that would enable performance within the broader context of the organization.
- The analysts do not communicate or collaborate well with others that have similar processes or objectives across business functions, and so limit their awareness of what the relationships are, what the enablers are, and in some cases approaches on how to solve the stagnant performance problem.
- The organization is unwilling or unable to perform process analysis at a high level across the organization (and eventually undergo a disruptive integrated process redesign.)
(Note when I used the word analyst, I mean anyone involved in doing analysis.)
To our case, a TRIF is a general measure of lagging performance. It is not a good indicator for safety performance improvement. It is multifaceted; many factors and variables are in play that span the entire organization, not to mention influencers from the external environment, and individual workers. With uncertainty, events happen regardless of controls in place that directly affect the TRIF – so a detailed look at variance may be required. The TRIF doesn't necessarily tell you what you’re doing right and many safety professionals believe performance improvement is doing more of the right thing based on leading indicators. However, using more leading indicators for measurement does not necessarily translate into measurable performance improvement.
A Solution
The first step, as obvious as it sounds, is understanding the problem. It is not obvious because the problem exists within a complex system. Part of this understanding is being able to discuss and visualize the problem systemically. We've all heard sayings like
you only understand a problem when you can explain it. Performance improvement is the goal, but it is not necessarily enabled by its composite objectives. Goals are high level statements that may not be immediately measurable or tangible. On the other hand, objectives are measurable and timely. (For example, my goal is to be a rock star, and my objectives are to learn how to sing, form a band, and gather a following.)
So, where do you start? In our case, we might start with looking at the performance of individual safety programs. Possibly you've already done this and it didn't help. It may be that the performance of the safety programs are as good as they can be in their present environment; so we need to tackle the bigger systems picture to explain the lack of improvement problem in order to solve it.
Performance is meeting objectives effectively and efficiently, often supported by evidence (provided by measurement.) Effectiveness and efficiency are not the same. Effectiveness is about achieving a desired outcome. Efficiency is about using the least amount of energy to do it. However, both effectiveness and efficiency are hindered by competing objectives. There is an inherent tension between many objectives, and those objectives may be owned by different groups within the same organization (and so out of any one group’s control.)
In some business environments there is little awareness of competing objectives. As a result the business will put effort into two directions that effectively work
against improving performance in either direction. For
example, consider a company that has the following goals:
- innovate at all levels to improve efficiency on capex/opex
- a ZERO safety incident policy
- a risk based approach to doing business
An operations group may focus on calculated risk taking to achieve #1, where a safety and regulatory group may focus on increasing compliance and controls for #2 and #3. Balancing safety with operations has always been a challenge, but if both groups believe they have a strong mandate the resulting tension could decrease performance for both groups.
Tension
In the December 2006 issue of HBR (under finance), Dominic Dodd and Ken Favaro had an article called
Managing the Right Tension, on how good leaders are good at managing tension (sometimes without knowing they are doing it.) They focus on what matters most, and recognize that good performance on one objective does not necessarily mean good performance on another. When you have tension between two or more objectives, they work against each other and hinder momentum. Performance improvement here is
not a balancing act; it is removing forces pushing in opposite directions to get movement in one direction. Compromise, though very important, is a decision based on awareness and cooperation.
Here are some examples of tensions between objectives, and you can see there may be more than two dimensions:
- Leading vs Lagging Performance
- Negative Consequence vs Positive Reinforcement
- Control vs Flexibility (like Safety vs Operating Efficiency)
- External vs Internal Stakeholder Satisfaction
- Old Business vs New Business
- Whole (System) vs Part (Program)
- Threats vs Opportunities
- Corporate Identity vs Business Unit/Function Identity
- Centralization vs Decentralization
- Current State vs Ideal State
- Accountability vs Authority vs Ownership
- Strategy vs Analysis vs Execution
- Time vs Cost vs Quality
Tensions are not independent. Achieving performance on different objectives at the same time requires managing competing interests of different stakeholders. Some objectives are diametrically opposed, and the worst case scenario is when you have equal force applied in two opposing directions. The key to improving performance when you have multiple objectives is to weed out overlap by identifying and communicating related tensions, and picking the direction you want to go on a “more important” objective while managing the expectations of your internal and external stakeholders when you add slack on (or remove) a “less important” objective. In addition to measuring goals and objectives set and met, you need to measure the tension between objectives.
Competing Objectives
The Competing Values Framework is a good way to illustrate tension so you can not only compromise but be aware of the "give and take." In 1983, Robert Quinn and John Rohrbaugh published a paper in Management Science called
A Spatial Model of Effectiveness Criteria: Towards a Competing Values Approach to Organizational Analysis. From this was born the Competing Values Framework that proposed that corporate values (their motivations and outcomes) could be plotted on a quadrant chart with a structure axis by a focus axis. This chart is an easy way to frame and articulate tension between competing values (and in our case objectives.)
Plotting on this diagram shows where objectives compete, but it also helps leadership decide where they really want to move in a direction. The position of where objectives are on the chart will change over time based on the corporate strategies and business drivers.
You can also see where traditional approaches using some best practice improvement tools can falter. For example, process management and mapping will work well in an organization mostly in the Internal Process Model quadrant, but will fail to keep up (or add value) in an entrepreneurial environment under the Open System Model where processes may be intentionally dynamic and undefined.
Integrative Thinking
In the Fall 1999 edition of the Rotman Management Magazine, Roger Martin and Hilary Austen wrote an article called
The Art of Integrative Thinking. “Integrative thinkers embrace complexity, tolerate uncertainty, and manage tension in searching for creative solutions to problems.” When you are dealing with big picture performance issues on an enterprise scale, there is a great deal of complexity and uncertainty. To solve these complex problems, Integrative Thinkers exhibit these traits:
| Salience | knowing what is relevant |
| Causality | identifying the critical relationships, building a robust model (and handling ambiguity by having several models) |
| Sequencing | attempting to identify steps (that may not always be ordered) |
| Resolution | managing the tension |
Many people do not grasp either uncertainty or complexity easily that is why we try to simplify complex problems through models; identify inputs and outputs, and the various processes of transformation in between. (If we don’t do that we go on feelings of urgency and importance, and feelings are not factual evidence for good decision making.) Most business processes are stochastic which means you can be in many states or processes at once and there isn’t always an ordered progression through those processes. So in solving these systemic problems, you need to engage individuals that exhibit integrative thinking, possibly from multiple disciplines, with deep organizational and process insight.
Visualization and Communication
Plotting competing objectives on the Competing Values quadrant chart can be a valuable but also a subjective exercise. So another way to quantify the problem is, after you’ve identified the competing objectives across the enterprise and their various critical relationships, use a Likert scale and perform a survey. For each point of tension use a "blind" survey (that means the points of tension are not collocated and could be presented randomly) and state the objective in terms of its value or outcome. Use a Likert scale to evaluate the response:
- strongly disagree
- disagree
- neither disagree nor agree
- agree
- strongly agree
For example, the following questions illustrate control vs flexibility related to safe work.
| Q1: | Controlling hazards and other risks is only achieved through consistent application of mitigative procedures. |
| Q2: | Operational efficiency is achieved by letting workers use their best judgement of what (and when) processes and procedures should be applied.
|
After surveying a healthy sample of the workforce (from leaders through to trench workers) with a carefully designed survey, produce a bubble chart (using Excel) to show the relative size of the responses.
This visualization shows you where opinion is on an individual objective, but we can gain further insight by adding its competitor showing 1) the distance between objectives, 2) where the midpoint is, and 3) the weighting (momentum) each objective has.
The above example shows a sum of weighted responses (the Likert level [1..5] was used to weight the number of responses at that level.) The assumption is that for a negative response (strongly disagree) the objective carries little weight with the responder and collectively may show little momentum for the objective.
When presented with other objectives, you begin to get a picture of the tension and momentum each objective has in context. If you group the objectives that have high tension (great distance and equal weight), you can perform deeper analysis as to why the tension exists and make decisions on whether or not to relax (or eliminate) one of the objectives in order to get progress on the other - and so debottleneck the performance improvement.
Summary
By identifying, measuring and communicating tension between objectives, you can target competing objectives that can be communicated and/or modified to unblock performance improvements.
The steps, in general are:
- Identify the top corporate objectives for each business unit or function.
- Identify the relationships between the objectives, specifically those that are in competition with one another, and those critical to the business.
- Frame the problem by plotting the competing objectives on a chart, and highlight the alignment with corporate values and business drivers.
- Combine common tensions, identify the relevant ones, and put together a survey that can be used to quantify the tension.
- Review and socialize the analysis of the survey results such that leadership can make fact based decisions on which tensions need to be relaxed or removed for progress.
You can narrow the focus by looking only at a subset of tensions, as to our case, ones that related to safety performance.
References
Managing The Right Tension
Quinn, Robert and John Rohrbaugh, “A Spatial Model of Effectiveness Criteria: Towards a Competing Values Approach to Organizational Analysis”, Management Science, Vol. 29, No. 3, March 1983
The Art of Integrative Thinking
The Likert Scale
